Thermoelectric performance of a 66 kV Submarine Umbilical Cable Integrating Hydrogen Transmission for Offshore Renewable Systems

Offshore wind capacities may exceed direct electricity absorption in energy systems. Water electrolysis using renewable sources enables greater renewable integration and hydrogen use in the industry. For this purpose, umbilical cables, incorporating both power cores and hydrogen pipes, may be used. To assess their thermoelectric performance, standardized methods are insufficient: they overlook pipe effects on current rating and electromagnetic interference, under either normal operating or faulty conditions. Instead, more sophisticated models are required, employing numerical methods, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) and