Uprating of 400 kV overhead lines using conductor temperature sensors and ambient weather stations

Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) has been applied to several German 400 kV and 220 kV overhead lines using weather-based calculations to determine the weather-adjusted ampacity of each circuit. To evaluate the associated risks, two representative lines were selected: a 220 kV line in mountainous terrain and a 400 kV line in predominantly flat terrain. Weather data were recorded at substations and at five locations along each line, while conductor temperatures were measured at five identified hotspots per line.