Modelling Protection Concepts for Multi-terminal HVDC Systems for Congestion Management

High‑voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is a key technology for integrating large volumes of renewable energy into the European transmission grid and for relieving AC grid congestions. As point‑to‑point HVDC links evolve into multi‑terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems, DC‑side fault management and suitable protection schemes become crucial for both system security and congestion management. However, existing grid‑planning tools typically neglect the impact of different DC protection schemes on operational remedial actions. This paper proposes a methodology to represent fully selective, partially selective, and non‑selective