Technical Aspects of Protection and Control Systems for Inverter-Based Resources in Compliance with Grid Codes and Regulatory Frameworks

This paper investigates the technical and regulatory challenges associated with the protection and control of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in power systems with high penetration of power-electronic-interfaced generation. The replacement of synchronous machines by photovoltaic, wind, and battery-based resources has altered fault behaviour, voltage dynamics, and short-circuit characteristics, challenging conventional protection philosophies. In response, grid codes have evolved to impose Fault Ride-Through (FRT) requirements, reactive current support, and voltage-dependent control obligations on IBRs. However, interactions between inverter control functions, particularly Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs), Low Voltage RideThrough (LVRT), High Voltage Ride-Through (HVRT) logic, overvoltage…