Analyzing protection system performance in networks with high PV penetration: insights from simulation-based fault studies

The rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) generation in distribution networks has introduced new challenges for protection systems, as inverter-interfaced PV plants contribute fault current very differently from synchronous generators. These differences create uncertainties in protection coordination, fault detection, and equipment rating. To obtain realistic short-circuit behavior, this work uses a Simscape Electrical component-level model rather than simplified current-source inverter representations. The model includes a 2.445 MW PV plant, inverter interface, transformers, and the grid, with MPPT, PLL, DC-link regulation, and dq-current control loops, enabling accurate reproduction of steady-state and transient behavior.