Experiences with IEC 61850/61499 in Distributed Energy Resources and Substations Automation: A Standards-Driven, Open-Source Approach
The integration of distributed energy resources and the digitalisation of substations has increased the complexity of power systems, creating new requirements for automation and knowledge management. This paper introduces a standards‑based, model‑driven framework that combines IEC 61850 for semantic communication with IEC 61499 for distributed control.