Explainable Machine Learning for Real-Time Frequency Stability Assessment

The ongoing decarbonisation of electrical power systems has led to the widespread integration of new technologies, including renewable generation, high voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnectors, batteries, and electric vehicles. This transition introduces a two-fold challenge for secure and stable system operation: i) renewables are typically stochastic, and when coupled with evolving load profiles, they introduce uncertainty, leading to a vast number of scenarios requiring assessment; and ii) the system is becoming increasingly complex, making conventional methods based on solving differential algebraic equations computationally prohibitive for near-real-time applications. Existing near-real-time dynamic security assessment tools evaluate multiple contingencies using parallel…