Cost-Benefit Analysis of Vehicle-to-Grid Applications for Medium Voltage-Connected Heavy Duty Vehicles

This contribution presents a comprehensive simulation of heavy-duty electric vehicle (HDEV) charging dynamics over a period of 10 years with historical day-ahead market spot price data from 2016 to 2025. The simulations utilise model predictive control. IESopt and TESCA, two tools, developed at AIT, Austrian Institute of Technology were combined. The study simulates electricity trading on the day-ahead market to evaluate the economic and technical viability of various charging strategies - including conventional charging, smart charging, and bidirectional