High-Frequency Transformer and Reactor Models for Network Studies - Part A: White-Box Models

Part A – White-box models

The reliable and safe operation of the transformer requires that the dielectric stresses imposed by transient overvoltages are kept within acceptable limits. White-box models are detailed models of the transformer which permit to calculate the internal voltages in the transformer. Such models are used by the transformer manufacturers to ensure that the transformer will withstand the standard lightning impulse voltage test.  CIGRE JWG A2/C4.52 has reviewed the various white-box models with consideration to parameter determination, accuracy, and possible inclusion in electromagnetic transient simulation programs for use in general transient studies. The daily-use models by manufacturers are normally lumped-parameter type models whose parameters are calculated by…