Feasibility of Horizontal-Vee Insulator Configurations for Overhead Lines in Undulating Terrain

Insulated Cross-arms (ICAs) are increasingly used in overhead line design for both uprating and new-build projects, offering compact geometries, reduced pole heights, and lighter structures. Their adoption enables network operators to improve corridor utilisation while reducing construction and easement costs. Horizontal-Vee (H-Vee) insulators are a particularly attractive ICA configuration due to their ability to swing longitudinally, allowing load alleviation and ultimately enabling lighter supports. Despite these advantages, the stability of