Integrating protection and control in the reliability and resilience-informed planning of future MTDC grids

Future HVDC system planning requires the assessment of design and control features that are not captured by traditional steady-state power flow analyses. In particular, converter control strategies, from grid-following and grid-forming operation to coordinated MTDC controls, require dynamic simulation approaches. Conversely, electromagnetic transient–based studies focus on local behavior and provide limited insight into grid-level reliability and resilience.