Digital Twin-Enabled Support for Network Restoration: A Case Study on Grid-Forming Controlled HVDC Interconnectors

As blackouts pose severe social and economic risks, and traditional synchronous black-start units are being retired, rapidly executing an effective restoration plan using new black-start resources has become increasingly essential. In recent years, the black start capability of converter-interfaced systems with grid-forming (GFM) control, such as GFM-controlled wind farms and HVDC interconnectors, has been validated through field tests. However, with the widespread application of power electronic devices, the status and best practices of network restoration have been substantially altered. In GFM-based restoration, risks such as voltage instability and protection system malfunctions become more pronounced due to low system inertia and limited short-circuit capacity. Therefore, accurately…