Mitigating Directional Protection Challenges in Transmission Systems with Inverter-Based Resources: Modeling Negative Sequence Current Injection in Compliance with IEEE Std 2800-2022

Inverter-Based Resources (IBR) are playing an increasingly vital role in modern electric power systems. Their proliferation is driven by the global push toward decarbonization and the integration of renewable energy sources. However, their integration introduces a range of challenges, particularly in the domain of system protection. These challenges arise due to the unique operational and dynamic characteristics of IBRs, which differ significantly from those of traditional synchronous machines.