Protection Challenges in Renewable Energy Integrated Networks: Indian Experience and Solutions

India’s rapid growth in renewable energy has significantly changed the way the national transmission system behaves during disturbances. As inverter‑based resources (IBRs) continue to replace synchronous generation, the grid is experiencing lower inertia, reduced short‑circuit strength, and greater sensitivity of protection schemes to operating conditions. Traditional protection methods, developed for stronger and more predictable system conditions, are increasingly challenged in weak infeed regions, multi‑terminal evacuation corridors, and areas affected by waveform distortion.