Hardware-in-Loop Validation of a Machine Learning Algorithm with IEC 61850 GOOSE Communication to Protect a Three-Terminal Transmission Line Integrated with Inverter-Based Resources

The rapid expansion of inverter-based resources (IBRs), such as solar generators, within transmission networks has introduced significant protection hurdles. Due to their comparatively smaller power ratings, the high capital cost of building dedicated switching stations or long transmission circuit for their interconnection is often prohibitive. Consequently, IBRs are increasingly integrated by tapping directly into existing transmission circuits, which transforms the traditional two-terminal topologies into three-terminal (or muti-terminal) networked systems.