Protection of Inverter-Dominated Transmission Systems: First Experiences from Hawaii Island

The fast growth of inverter-based resources (IBRs) leads to inverter-dominated power systems, which has significant impact on power system protection. The hardware limitations of IBRs lead to significantly smaller currents during fault events compared to synchronous generators in traditional power systems. This characteristic also applies to grid-forming (GFM) IBRs which are required in inverter-dominated systems. Today, there is only limited knowledge and experience on protecting an IBR-dominated transmission system. This includes the required