Relay Protection Schemes for Medium-Voltage Microgrids with Grid-Forming/Grid-Following Generators and Energy Storage System

The integration of high-penetration grid-forming/grid-following (GFL/GFM) distributed generators (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) constitute complex, decentralized medium-voltage microgrids. This results in stochastic power flow and variable fault characteristics, complicating fault analysis and relay protection. This paper therefore investigates fault analysis methods and adaptive protection schemes for such microgrids.