Embedding Grid Security Constraints in Generation Expansion Planning Models: A Real Network Case Study.

The acceleration of renewable energy integration is transforming the structure and dynamics of the power system. As the proportion of renewable inverter-based generation increases, traditional synchronous generators lose their dominant position in the generation mix. Unlike conventional generators, renewable sources (solar and wind) are often grid-following units that do not contribute to the total system inertia, frequency control and offer limited voltage support.