Design of an integrated electricity fuelled energy system and the systemic roles of hydrogen

In an integrated (carbon free) energy system, electricity will become the dominant carrier of renewable energy, originating from wind, solar, nuclear, and other sources. This will result in a large mismatch between the type of energy carrier being generated and the type required for final consumption (especially with high temperature heat), a more challenging balancing objective (ranging from real-time and intraday to seasonal and strategic storage), and an immense increase in the demand for electrical transmission and distribution capacity. This asks for the design and construction of an energy system that can accommodate these challenges.