Leveraging grid flexibility for enhanced system restoration in South Africa: A Black-Start operational framework

South Africa’s power system is undergoing an energy transition while also managing longstanding operational constraints, aging thermal generation, and limited flexibility. This paper proposes a practical central recommendation: advancements being planned to improve grid flexibility under normal conditions must be co-optimised for a dual‑purpose role in system restoration under blackout conditions. Taking into account that the energy transition will directly impact system restoration plans, the aim of this proposal is to supplement the wealth of operational experience that currently exists with automation, enhanced visibility, and data‑driven decision support that shortens restoration time and reduces risk.