Optimal PMU Allocation for a WAMS-Based EMS in the Brazilian Power Grid

Monitoring and operating the BIPS, a continental-sized power grid, is becoming increasingly complex. Rapid changes in the energy matrix, driven by heavy investments in inverter-based renewable generation, together with the deployment of high-capacity, long-distance HVDC transmission lines to efficiently connect generation sites and load centers, are creating significant operational challenges. New dynamic phenomena are being observed in the BIPS, including power oscillations, unwanted multi-infeed control issues, and unexpected equipment behavior caused by model discrepancies. Improved situational awareness is therefore required to provide practical means to observe such dynamics and to ensure the secure operation of the