The Reality of Power System Operation in the Era Where Weather Becomes Fuel: The Fierce Battle of PV Curtailment in Korea's Spring of 2025

As the global energy paradigm shifts toward carbon neutrality, the transition to carbon-free energy sources has become an inevitable necessity for human survival. However, this shift introduces significant operational challenges to power systems due to the inherent volatility of weather-dependent resources. This study analyzes the "Iberian Peninsula Blackout" of 2025 as a representative case of systemic collapse driven by high renewable penetration and forecasting failures. Drawing parallels to South Korea’s "island grid" environment, we examine the rapid and disproportionate expansion of solar power—particularly behind-the-meter (BTM) installations—which now accounts for approximately 70.8% of the nation’s total solar capacity as of 2025. To quantify the resulting operational risks, this…