An Optimization-Based Framework for Real-Time Power System Operation: The Colombian Experience

The increasing integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources and distributed energy resources (DER) poses significant challenges for power system operations, particularly in maintaining real-time balance between generation and demand. Traditional day-ahead market mechanisms, typically based on hourly Security-Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC), often fall short in addressing the variability and uncertainty introduced by these resources. In