Analysis of classical SISO POD controller robustness for inter-area oscillations damping

Guaranteeing small-signal stability—particularly ensuring sufficient damping of inter-area oscillations—is a key priority for Transmission System Operators (TSOs) to maintain system security under normal operating conditions, including load fluctuations, network topology changes, and power-flow variations. In Continental Europe, three inter-area modes are of particular interest due to their potentially low damping: the East–West mode, the South–North mode, and the East–Centre–West mode and have been implied in recent oscillations events.