State-Space Models of Virtual Control and Protection Systems for Stability Analysis

As power systems evolve to accommodate increasing shares of renewable energy sources and cross-border interconnections, the need for stable, robust, and efficient transmission infrastructure becomes paramount. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology enables this transformation, offering superior controllability, reduced transmission losses, and increased transmission capacity. For this reason, multi-terminal DC (MTDC) systems emerge as key infrastructure reinforcements. MTDC systems overlaid to current AC system infrastructure, enables interconnection of multiple HVDC links, improving flexibility and reliability across regions by decoupling the AC and DC grids. As power systems evolve, MTDC systems offer a scalable, robust and affordable to tackle the challenges of the future.