Cybersecurity Design Considerations for Offshore Wind Energy Facilities Based on IEC 62443

Offshore wind energy facilities are deployed as part of national energy transition strategies, introducing complex protection, automation, and control (PAC) systems distributed across offshore and onshore environments. These systems rely on extensive digital communication and remote connectivity, which significantly expand the cybersecurity attack surface and introduce new operational risks. In offshore environments, limited physical access, high availability requirements, and reliance on wide-area communications necessitate a cybersecurity approach that is embedded into system design rather than applied retrospectively.