Balancing Renewable Energy Sources using Vehicle to Grid Services controlled by MPC in a Metropolitan Area Distribution Network - Part 1

The endeavor for a more sustainable power generation has led to a dramatic increase in the use of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar. These sources are of fluctuating nature and therefore introduce new challenges to power system operation, which was historically designed for generators with constant infeed. The fluctuations are balanced by ancillary services contracted from flexible generators or storages. So far, large scale solutions for storage are only provided by pumped hydro. However, one potential solution for a large storage could be to aggregate plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles, once they are adopted on a wide scale, into a virtual storage..