Air clearance calculation under consideration of atmospheric, statistic and geometric influences for HVDC converter stations based on normative procedures

Two major technologies are under operation in today's High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) market. These are on the one hand line commutated converters (LCC) and on the other hand voltage source converters (VSC). Both technologies differ from their basic capability regarding power reversal and fault handling. Moreover, fault handling is influenced by the converter design. It can be summarized that the highest transient voltages are occurring during fault scenarios. The resulting overvoltages are mostly impulse voltages and are depending on the fault handling strategy. Further to insulation for general operation conditions, the insulation needs to withstand those fault scenarios to ensure a safe and reliable energy transmission. According to these influences a standardized way for insulation…